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+.. _create-plugin:
+
+Creating a Slixmpp Plugin
+===========================
+
+One of the goals of Slixmpp is to provide support for every draft or final
+XMPP extension (`XEP <http://xmpp.org/extensions/>`_). To do this, Slixmpp has a
+plugin mechanism for adding the functionalities required by each XEP. But even
+though plugins were made to quickly implement and prototype the official XMPP
+extensions, there is no reason you can't create your own plugin to implement
+your own custom XMPP-based protocol.
+
+This guide will help walk you through the steps to
+implement a rudimentary version of `XEP-0077 In-band
+Registration <http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0077.html>`_. In-band registration
+was implemented in example 14-6 (page 223) of `XMPP: The Definitive
+Guide <http://oreilly.com/catalog/9780596521271>`_ because there was no Slixmpp
+plugin for XEP-0077 at the time of writing. We will partially fix that issue
+here by turning the example implementation from *XMPP: The Definitive Guide*
+into a plugin. Again, note that this will not a complete implementation, and a
+different, more robust, official plugin for XEP-0077 may be added to Slixmpp
+in the future.
+
+.. note::
+
+ The example plugin created in this guide is for the server side of the
+ registration process only. It will **NOT** be able to register new accounts
+ on an XMPP server.
+
+First Steps
+-----------
+Every plugin inherits from the class :mod:`BasePlugin <slixmpp.plugins.base.BasePlugin`,
+and must include a ``plugin_init`` method. While the
+plugins distributed with Slixmpp must be placed in the plugins directory
+``slixmpp/plugins`` to be loaded, custom plugins may be loaded from any
+module. To do so, use the following form when registering the plugin:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ self.register_plugin('myplugin', module=mod_containing_my_plugin)
+
+The plugin name must be the same as the plugin's class name.
+
+Now, we can open our favorite text editors and create ``xep_0077.py`` in
+``Slixmpp/slixmpp/plugins``. We want to do some basic house-keeping and
+declare the name and description of the XEP we are implementing. If you
+are creating your own custom plugin, you don't need to include the ``xep``
+attribute.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ """
+ Creating a Slixmpp Plugin
+
+ This is a minimal implementation of XEP-0077 to serve
+ as a tutorial for creating Slixmpp plugins.
+ """
+
+ from slixmpp.plugins.base import BasePlugin
+
+ class xep_0077(BasePlugin):
+ """
+ XEP-0077 In-Band Registration
+ """
+
+ def plugin_init(self):
+ self.description = "In-Band Registration"
+ self.xep = "0077"
+
+Now that we have a basic plugin, we need to edit
+``slixmpp/plugins/__init__.py`` to include our new plugin by adding
+``'xep_0077'`` to the ``__all__`` declaration.
+
+Interacting with Other Plugins
+------------------------------
+
+In-band registration is a feature that should be advertised through `Service
+Discovery <http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0030.html>`_. To do that, we tell the
+``xep_0030`` plugin to add the ``"jabber:iq:register"`` feature. We put this
+call in a method named ``post_init`` which will be called once the plugin has
+been loaded; by doing so we advertise that we can do registrations only after we
+finish activating the plugin.
+
+The ``post_init`` method needs to call ``BasePlugin.post_init(self)``
+which will mark that ``post_init`` has been called for the plugin. Once the
+Slixmpp object begins processing, ``post_init`` will be called on any plugins
+that have not already run ``post_init``. This allows you to register plugins and
+their dependencies without needing to worry about the order in which you do so.
+
+**Note:** by adding this call we have introduced a dependency on the XEP-0030
+plugin. Be sure to register ``'xep_0030'`` as well as ``'xep_0077'``. Slixmpp
+does not automatically load plugin dependencies for you.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ def post_init(self):
+ BasePlugin.post_init(self)
+ self.xmpp['xep_0030'].add_feature("jabber:iq:register")
+
+Creating Custom Stanza Objects
+------------------------------
+
+Now, the IQ stanzas needed to implement our version of XEP-0077 are not very
+complex, and we could just interact with the XML objects directly just like
+in the *XMPP: The Definitive Guide* example. However, creating custom stanza
+objects is good practice.
+
+We will create a new ``Registration`` stanza. Following the *XMPP: The
+Definitive Guide* example, we will add support for a username and password
+field. We also need two flags: ``registered`` and ``remove``. The ``registered``
+flag is sent when an already registered user attempts to register, along with
+their registration data. The ``remove`` flag is a request to unregister a user's
+account.
+
+Adding additional `fields specified in
+XEP-0077 <http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0077.html#registrar-formtypes-register>`_
+will not be difficult and is left as an exercise for the reader.
+
+Our ``Registration`` class needs to start with a few descriptions of its
+behaviour:
+
+* ``namespace``
+ The namespace our stanza object lives in. In this case,
+ ``"jabber:iq:register"``.
+
+* ``name``
+ The name of the root XML element. In this case, the ``query`` element.
+
+* ``plugin_attrib``
+ The name to access this type of stanza. In particular, given a
+ registration stanza, the ``Registration`` object can be found using:
+ ``iq_object['register']``.
+
+* ``interfaces``
+ A list of dictionary-like keys that can be used with the stanza object.
+ When using ``"key"``, if there exists a method of the form ``getKey``,
+ ``setKey``, or``delKey`` (depending on context) then the result of calling
+ that method will be returned. Otherwise, the value of the attribute ``key``
+ of the main stanza element is returned if one exists.
+
+ **Note:** The accessor methods currently use title case, and not camel case.
+ Thus if you need to access an item named ``"methodName"`` you will need to
+ use ``getMethodname``. This naming convention might change to full camel
+ case in a future version of Slixmpp.
+
+* ``sub_interfaces``
+ A subset of ``interfaces``, but these keys map to the text of any
+ subelements that are direct children of the main stanza element. Thus,
+ referencing ``iq_object['register']['username']`` will either execute
+ ``getUsername`` or return the value in the ``username`` element of the
+ query.
+
+ If you need to access an element, say ``elem``, that is not a direct child
+ of the main stanza element, you will need to add ``getElem``, ``setElem``,
+ and ``delElem``. See the note above about naming conventions.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ from slixmpp.xmlstream import ElementBase, ET, JID, register_stanza_plugin
+ from slixmpp import Iq
+
+ class Registration(ElementBase):
+ namespace = 'jabber:iq:register'
+ name = 'query'
+ plugin_attrib = 'register'
+ interfaces = {'username', 'password', 'registered', 'remove'}
+ sub_interfaces = interfaces
+
+ def getRegistered(self):
+ present = self.xml.find('{%s}registered' % self.namespace)
+ return present is not None
+
+ def getRemove(self):
+ present = self.xml.find('{%s}remove' % self.namespace)
+ return present is not None
+
+ def setRegistered(self, registered):
+ if registered:
+ self.addField('registered')
+ else:
+ del self['registered']
+
+ def setRemove(self, remove):
+ if remove:
+ self.addField('remove')
+ else:
+ del self['remove']
+
+ def addField(self, name):
+ itemXML = ET.Element('{%s}%s' % (self.namespace, name))
+ self.xml.append(itemXML)
+
+Setting a ``sub_interface`` attribute to ``""`` will remove that subelement.
+Since we want to include empty registration fields in our form, we need the
+``addField`` method to add the empty elements.
+
+Since the ``registered`` and ``remove`` elements are just flags, we need to add
+custom logic to enforce the binary behavior.
+
+Extracting Stanzas from the XML Stream
+--------------------------------------
+
+Now that we have a custom stanza object, we need to be able to detect when we
+receive one. To do this, we register a stream handler that will pattern match
+stanzas off of the XML stream against our stanza object's element name and
+namespace. To do so, we need to create a ``Callback`` object which contains
+an XML fragment that can identify our stanza type. We can add this handler
+registration to our ``plugin_init`` method.
+
+Also, we need to associate our ``Registration`` class with IQ stanzas;
+that requires the use of the ``register_stanza_plugin`` function (in
+``slixmpp.xmlstream.stanzabase``) which takes the class of a parent stanza
+type followed by the substanza type. In our case, the parent stanza is an IQ
+stanza, and the substanza is our registration query.
+
+The ``__handleRegistration`` method referenced in the callback will be our
+handler function to process registration requests.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ def plugin_init(self):
+ self.description = "In-Band Registration"
+ self.xep = "0077"
+
+ self.xmpp.register_handler(
+ Callback('In-Band Registration',
+ MatchXPath('{%s}iq/{jabber:iq:register}query' % self.xmpp.default_ns),
+ self.__handleRegistration))
+ register_stanza_plugin(Iq, Registration)
+
+Handling Incoming Stanzas and Triggering Events
+-----------------------------------------------
+There are six situations that we need to handle to finish our implementation of
+XEP-0077.
+
+**Registration Form Request from a New User:**
+
+ .. code-block:: xml
+
+ <iq type="result">
+ <query xmlns="jabber:iq:register">
+ <username />
+ <password />
+ </query>
+ </iq>
+
+**Registration Form Request from an Existing User:**
+
+ .. code-block:: xml
+
+ <iq type="result">
+ <query xmlns="jabber:iq:register">
+ <registered />
+ <username>Foo</username>
+ <password>hunter2</password>
+ </query>
+ </iq>
+
+**Unregister Account:**
+
+ .. code-block:: xml
+
+ <iq type="result">
+ <query xmlns="jabber:iq:register" />
+ </iq>
+
+**Incomplete Registration:**
+
+ .. code-block:: xml
+
+ <iq type="error">
+ <query xmlns="jabber:iq:register">
+ <username>Foo</username>
+ </query>
+ <error code="406" type="modify">
+ <not-acceptable xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-stanzas" />
+ </error>
+ </iq>
+
+**Conflicting Registrations:**
+
+ .. code-block:: xml
+
+ <iq type="error">
+ <query xmlns="jabber:iq:register">
+ <username>Foo</username>
+ <password>hunter2</password>
+ </query>
+ <error code="409" type="cancel">
+ <conflict xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:xmpp-stanzas" />
+ </error>
+ </iq>
+
+**Successful Registration:**
+
+ .. code-block:: xml
+
+ <iq type="result">
+ <query xmlns="jabber:iq:register" />
+ </iq>
+
+Cases 1 and 2: Registration Requests
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Responding to registration requests depends on if the requesting user already
+has an account. If there is an account, the response should include the
+``registered`` flag and the user's current registration information. Otherwise,
+we just send the fields for our registration form.
+
+We will handle both cases by creating a ``sendRegistrationForm`` method that
+will create either an empty of full form depending on if we provide it with
+user data. Since we need to know which form fields to include (especially if we
+add support for the other fields specified in XEP-0077), we will also create a
+method ``setForm`` which will take the names of the fields we wish to include.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ def plugin_init(self):
+ self.description = "In-Band Registration"
+ self.xep = "0077"
+ self.form_fields = ('username', 'password')
+ ... remainder of plugin_init
+
+ ...
+
+ def __handleRegistration(self, iq):
+ if iq['type'] == 'get':
+ # Registration form requested
+ userData = self.backend[iq['from'].bare]
+ self.sendRegistrationForm(iq, userData)
+
+ def setForm(self, *fields):
+ self.form_fields = fields
+
+ def sendRegistrationForm(self, iq, userData=None):
+ reg = iq['register']
+ if userData is None:
+ userData = {}
+ else:
+ reg['registered'] = True
+
+ for field in self.form_fields:
+ data = userData.get(field, '')
+ if data:
+ # Add field with existing data
+ reg[field] = data
+ else:
+ # Add a blank field
+ reg.addField(field)
+
+ iq.reply().set_payload(reg.xml)
+ iq.send()
+
+Note how we are able to access our ``Registration`` stanza object with
+``iq['register']``.
+
+A User Backend
+++++++++++++++
+You might have noticed the reference to ``self.backend``, which is an object
+that abstracts away storing and retrieving user information. Since it is not
+much more than a dictionary, we will leave the implementation details to the
+final, full source code example.
+
+Case 3: Unregister an Account
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The next simplest case to consider is responding to a request to remove
+an account. If we receive a ``remove`` flag, we instruct the backend to
+remove the user's account. Since your application may need to know about
+when users are registered or unregistered, we trigger an event using
+``self.xmpp.event('unregister_user', iq)``. See the component examples below for
+how to respond to that event.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ def __handleRegistration(self, iq):
+ if iq['type'] == 'get':
+ # Registration form requested
+ userData = self.backend[iq['from'].bare]
+ self.sendRegistrationForm(iq, userData)
+ elif iq['type'] == 'set':
+ # Remove an account
+ if iq['register']['remove']:
+ self.backend.unregister(iq['from'].bare)
+ self.xmpp.event('unregistered_user', iq)
+ iq.reply().send()
+ return
+
+Case 4: Incomplete Registration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+For the next case we need to check the user's registration to ensure it has all
+of the fields we wanted. The simple option that we will use is to loop over the
+field names and check each one; however, this means that all fields we send to
+the user are required. Adding optional fields is left to the reader.
+
+Since we have received an incomplete form, we need to send an error message back
+to the user. We have to send a few different types of errors, so we will also
+create a ``_sendError`` method that will add the appropriate ``error`` element
+to the IQ reply.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ def __handleRegistration(self, iq):
+ if iq['type'] == 'get':
+ # Registration form requested
+ userData = self.backend[iq['from'].bare]
+ self.sendRegistrationForm(iq, userData)
+ elif iq['type'] == 'set':
+ if iq['register']['remove']:
+ # Remove an account
+ self.backend.unregister(iq['from'].bare)
+ self.xmpp.event('unregistered_user', iq)
+ iq.reply().send()
+ return
+
+ for field in self.form_fields:
+ if not iq['register'][field]:
+ # Incomplete Registration
+ self._sendError(iq, '406', 'modify', 'not-acceptable'
+ "Please fill in all fields.")
+ return
+
+ ...
+
+ def _sendError(self, iq, code, error_type, name, text=''):
+ iq.reply().set_payload(iq['register'].xml)
+ iq.error()
+ iq['error']['code'] = code
+ iq['error']['type'] = error_type
+ iq['error']['condition'] = name
+ iq['error']['text'] = text
+ iq.send()
+
+Cases 5 and 6: Conflicting and Successful Registration
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+We are down to the final decision on if we have a successful registration. We
+send the user's data to the backend with the ``self.backend.register`` method.
+If it returns ``True``, then registration has been successful. Otherwise,
+there has been a conflict with usernames and registration has failed. Like
+with unregistering an account, we trigger an event indicating that a user has
+been registered by using ``self.xmpp.event('registered_user', iq)``. See the
+component examples below for how to respond to this event.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ def __handleRegistration(self, iq):
+ if iq['type'] == 'get':
+ # Registration form requested
+ userData = self.backend[iq['from'].bare]
+ self.sendRegistrationForm(iq, userData)
+ elif iq['type'] == 'set':
+ if iq['register']['remove']:
+ # Remove an account
+ self.backend.unregister(iq['from'].bare)
+ self.xmpp.event('unregistered_user', iq)
+ iq.reply().send()
+ return
+
+ for field in self.form_fields:
+ if not iq['register'][field]:
+ # Incomplete Registration
+ self._sendError(iq, '406', 'modify', 'not-acceptable',
+ "Please fill in all fields.")
+ return
+
+ if self.backend.register(iq['from'].bare, iq['register']):
+ # Successful registration
+ self.xmpp.event('registered_user', iq)
+ iq.reply().set_payload(iq['register'].xml)
+ iq.send()
+ else:
+ # Conflicting registration
+ self._sendError(iq, '409', 'cancel', 'conflict',
+ "That username is already taken.")
+
+Example Component Using the XEP-0077 Plugin
+-------------------------------------------
+Alright, the moment we've been working towards - actually using our plugin to
+simplify our other applications. Here is a basic component that simply manages
+user registrations and sends the user a welcoming message when they register,
+and a farewell message when they delete their account.
+
+Note that we have to register the ``'xep_0030'`` plugin first,
+and that we specified the form fields we wish to use with
+``self.xmpp.plugin['xep_0077'].setForm('username', 'password')``.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ import slixmpp.componentxmpp
+
+ class Example(slixmpp.componentxmpp.ComponentXMPP):
+
+ def __init__(self, jid, password):
+ slixmpp.componentxmpp.ComponentXMPP.__init__(self, jid, password, 'localhost', 8888)
+
+ self.register_plugin('xep_0030')
+ self.register_plugin('xep_0077')
+ self.plugin['xep_0077'].setForm('username', 'password')
+
+ self.add_event_handler("registered_user", self.reg)
+ self.add_event_handler("unregistered_user", self.unreg)
+
+ def reg(self, iq):
+ msg = "Welcome! %s" % iq['register']['username']
+ self.send_message(iq['from'], msg, mfrom=self.fulljid)
+
+ def unreg(self, iq):
+ msg = "Bye! %s" % iq['register']['username']
+ self.send_message(iq['from'], msg, mfrom=self.fulljid)
+
+**Congratulations!** We now have a basic, functioning implementation of
+XEP-0077.
+
+Complete Source Code for XEP-0077 Plugin
+----------------------------------------
+Here is a copy of a more complete implementation of the plugin we created, but
+with some additional registration fields implemented.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+ """
+ Creating a Slixmpp Plugin
+
+ This is a minimal implementation of XEP-0077 to serve
+ as a tutorial for creating Slixmpp plugins.
+ """
+
+ from slixmpp.plugins.base import BasePlugin
+ from slixmpp.xmlstream.handler.callback import Callback
+ from slixmpp.xmlstream.matcher.xpath import MatchXPath
+ from slixmpp.xmlstream import ElementBase, ET, JID, register_stanza_plugin
+ from slixmpp import Iq
+ import copy
+
+
+ class Registration(ElementBase):
+ namespace = 'jabber:iq:register'
+ name = 'query'
+ plugin_attrib = 'register'
+ interfaces = {'username', 'password', 'email', 'nick', 'name',
+ 'first', 'last', 'address', 'city', 'state', 'zip',
+ 'phone', 'url', 'date', 'misc', 'text', 'key',
+ 'registered', 'remove', 'instructions'}
+ sub_interfaces = interfaces
+
+ def getRegistered(self):
+ present = self.xml.find('{%s}registered' % self.namespace)
+ return present is not None
+
+ def getRemove(self):
+ present = self.xml.find('{%s}remove' % self.namespace)
+ return present is not None
+
+ def setRegistered(self, registered):
+ if registered:
+ self.addField('registered')
+ else:
+ del self['registered']
+
+ def setRemove(self, remove):
+ if remove:
+ self.addField('remove')
+ else:
+ del self['remove']
+
+ def addField(self, name):
+ itemXML = ET.Element('{%s}%s' % (self.namespace, name))
+ self.xml.append(itemXML)
+
+
+ class UserStore(object):
+ def __init__(self):
+ self.users = {}
+
+ def __getitem__(self, jid):
+ return self.users.get(jid, None)
+
+ def register(self, jid, registration):
+ username = registration['username']
+
+ def filter_usernames(user):
+ return user != jid and self.users[user]['username'] == username
+
+ conflicts = filter(filter_usernames, self.users.keys())
+ if conflicts:
+ return False
+
+ self.users[jid] = registration
+ return True
+
+ def unregister(self, jid):
+ del self.users[jid]
+
+ class xep_0077(BasePlugin):
+ """
+ XEP-0077 In-Band Registration
+ """
+
+ def plugin_init(self):
+ self.description = "In-Band Registration"
+ self.xep = "0077"
+ self.form_fields = ('username', 'password')
+ self.form_instructions = ""
+ self.backend = UserStore()
+
+ self.xmpp.register_handler(
+ Callback('In-Band Registration',
+ MatchXPath('{%s}iq/{jabber:iq:register}query' % self.xmpp.default_ns),
+ self.__handleRegistration))
+ register_stanza_plugin(Iq, Registration)
+
+ def post_init(self):
+ BasePlugin.post_init(self)
+ self.xmpp['xep_0030'].add_feature("jabber:iq:register")
+
+ def __handleRegistration(self, iq):
+ if iq['type'] == 'get':
+ # Registration form requested
+ userData = self.backend[iq['from'].bare]
+ self.sendRegistrationForm(iq, userData)
+ elif iq['type'] == 'set':
+ if iq['register']['remove']:
+ # Remove an account
+ self.backend.unregister(iq['from'].bare)
+ self.xmpp.event('unregistered_user', iq)
+ iq.reply().send()
+ return
+
+ for field in self.form_fields:
+ if not iq['register'][field]:
+ # Incomplete Registration
+ self._sendError(iq, '406', 'modify', 'not-acceptable',
+ "Please fill in all fields.")
+ return
+
+ if self.backend.register(iq['from'].bare, iq['register']):
+ # Successful registration
+ self.xmpp.event('registered_user', iq)
+ reply = iq.reply()
+ reply.set_payload(iq['register'].xml)
+ reply.send()
+ else:
+ # Conflicting registration
+ self._sendError(iq, '409', 'cancel', 'conflict',
+ "That username is already taken.")
+
+ def setForm(self, *fields):
+ self.form_fields = fields
+
+ def setInstructions(self, instructions):
+ self.form_instructions = instructions
+
+ def sendRegistrationForm(self, iq, userData=None):
+ reg = iq['register']
+ if userData is None:
+ userData = {}
+ else:
+ reg['registered'] = True
+
+ if self.form_instructions:
+ reg['instructions'] = self.form_instructions
+
+ for field in self.form_fields:
+ data = userData.get(field, '')
+ if data:
+ # Add field with existing data
+ reg[field] = data
+ else:
+ # Add a blank field
+ reg.addField(field)
+
+ reply = iq.reply()
+ reply.set_payload(reg.xml)
+ reply.send()
+
+ def _sendError(self, iq, code, error_type, name, text=''):
+ reply = iq.reply()
+ reply.set_payload(iq['register'].xml)
+ reply.error()
+ reply['error']['code'] = code
+ reply['error']['type'] = error_type
+ reply['error']['condition'] = name
+ reply['error']['text'] = text
+ reply.send()