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+===============================
+SleekXMPP Quickstart - Echo Bot
+===============================
+
+.. note::
+    
+    If you have any issues working through this quickstart guide
+    or the other tutorials here, please either send a message to the
+    `mailing list <http://groups.google.com/group/sleekxmpp-discussion>`_
+    or join the chat room at `sleek@conference.jabber.org
+    <xmpp:sleek@conference.jabber.org?join>`_.
+
+If you have not yet installed SleekXMPP, do so now by either checking out a version
+from `Github <http://github.com/fritzy/SleekXMPP>`_, or installing it using ``pip``
+or ``easy_install``.
+
+.. code-block:: sh
+
+    pip install sleekxmpp  # Or: easy_install sleekxmpp
+
+
+As a basic starting project, we will create an echo bot which will reply to any
+messages sent to it. We will also go through adding some basic command line configuration
+for enabling or disabling debug log outputs and setting the username and password
+for the bot.
+
+For the command line options processing, we will use the built-in ``optparse``
+module and the ``getpass`` module for reading in passwords.
+
+TL;DR Just Give Me the Code
+---------------------------
+As you wish: :ref:`the completed example <echobot_complete>`.
+
+Overview
+--------
+
+To get started, here is a brief outline of the structure that the final project will have:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    #!/usr/bin/env python
+    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+
+    import sys
+    import logging
+    import getpass
+    from optparse import OptionParser
+
+    import sleekxmpp
+
+    '''Here we will create out echo bot class'''
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        '''Here we will configure and read command line options'''
+
+        '''Here we will instantiate our echo bot'''
+
+        '''Finally, we connect the bot and start listening for messages'''
+
+Default Encoding
+----------------
+XMPP requires support for UTF-8 and so SleekXMPP must use UTF-8 as well. In
+Python3 this is simple because Unicode is the default string type. For Python2.6+
+the situation is not as easy because standard strings are simply byte arrays and
+use ASCII. We can get Python to use UTF-8 as the default encoding by including:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+        reload(sys)
+        sys.setdefaultencoding('utf8')
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Until we are able to ensure that SleekXMPP will always use Unicode in Python2.6+, this
+    may cause issues embedding SleekXMPP into other applications which assume ASCII encoding.
+
+Creating the EchoBot Class
+--------------------------
+
+There are three main types of entities within XMPP — servers, components, and
+clients. Since our echo bot will only be responding to a few people, and won't need
+to remember thousands of users, we will use a client connection. A client connection
+is the same type that you use with your standard IM client such as Pidgin or Psi.
+
+SleekXMPP comes with a :class:`ClientXMPP <sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP>` class
+which we can extend to add our message echoing feature. :class:`ClientXMPP <sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP>`
+requires the parameters ``jid`` and ``password``, so we will let our ``EchoBot`` class accept those
+as well.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    class EchoBot(sleekxmpp.ClientXMPP):
+        
+        def __init__(self, jid, password):
+            super(EchoBot, self).__init__(jid, password)
+
+Handling Session Start
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+The XMPP spec requires clients to broadcast its presence and retrieve its roster (buddy list) once
+it connects and establishes a session with the XMPP server. Until these two tasks are completed,
+some servers may not deliver or send messages or presence notifications to the client. So we now
+need to be sure that we retrieve our roster and send an initial presence once the session has 
+started. To do that, we will register an event handler for the :term:`session_start` event.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+     def __init__(self, jid, password):
+        super(EchoBot, self).__init__(jid, password)
+
+        self.add_event_handler('session_start', self.start)
+
+
+Since we want the method ``self.start`` to execute when the :term:`session_start` event is triggered,
+we also need to define the ``self.start`` handler.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def start(self, event):
+        self.send_presence()
+        self.get_roster()
+
+.. warning::
+
+    Not sending an initial presence and retrieving the roster when using a client instance can
+    prevent your program from receiving presence notifications or messages depending on the
+    XMPP server you have chosen.
+
+Our event handler, like every event handler, accepts a single parameter which typically is the stanza
+that was received that caused the event. In this case, ``event`` will just be an empty dictionary since
+there is no associated data.
+
+Our first task of sending an initial presence is done using :meth:`send_presence <sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.send_presence>`.
+Calling :meth:`send_presence <sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.send_presence>` without any arguments will send the simplest
+stanza allowed in XMPP:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <presence />
+
+
+The second requirement is fulfilled using :meth:`get_roster <sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP.get_roster>`, which
+will send an IQ stanza requesting the roster to the server and then wait for the response. You may be wondering
+what :meth:`get_roster <sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP.get_roster>` returns since we are not saving any return
+value. The roster data is saved by an internal handler to ``self.roster``, and in the case of a :class:`ClientXMPP
+<sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP>` instance to ``self.client_roster``. (The difference between ``self.roster`` and
+``self.client_roster`` is that ``self.roster`` supports storing roster information for multiple JIDs, which is useful
+for components, whereas ``self.client_roster`` stores roster data for just the client's JID.)
+
+It is possible for a timeout to occur while waiting for the server to respond, which can happen if the
+network is excessively slow or the server is no longer responding. In that case, an :class:`IQTimeout
+<sleekxmpp.exceptions.IQTimeout>` is raised. Similarly, an :class:`IQError <sleekxmpp.exceptions.IQError>` exception can
+be raised if the request contained bad data or requested the roster for the wrong user. In either case, you can wrap the
+``get_roster()`` call in a ``try``/``except`` block to retry the roster retrieval process.
+
+The XMPP stanzas from the roster retrieval process could look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <iq type="get">
+      <query xmlns="jabber:iq:roster" />
+    </iq>
+
+    <iq type="result" to="echobot@example.com" from="example.com">
+      <query xmlns="jabber:iq:roster">
+        <item jid="friend@example.com" subscription="both" />
+      </query>
+    </iq>
+
+Responding to Messages
+~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+Now that an ``EchoBot`` instance handles :term:`session_start`, we can begin receiving and
+responding to messages. Now we can register a handler for the :term:`message` event that is raised
+whenever a messsage is received.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+     def __init__(self, jid, password):
+        super(EchoBot, self).__init__(jid, password)
+
+        self.add_event_handler('session_start', self.start)
+        self.add_event_handler('message', self.message)
+
+
+The :term:`message` event is fired whenever a ``<message />`` stanza is received, including for
+group chat messages, errors, etc. Properly responding to messages thus requires checking the
+``'type'`` interface of the message :term:`stanza object`. For responding to only messages
+addressed to our bot (and not from a chat room), we check that the type is either ``normal``
+or ``chat``. (Other potential types are ``error``, ``headline``, and ``groupchat``.)
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def message(self, msg):
+        if msg['type'] in ('normal', 'chat'):
+            msg.reply("Thanks for sending:\n%s" % msg['body']).send()
+
+Let's take a closer look at the ``.reply()`` method used above. For message stanzas,
+``.reply()`` accepts the parameter ``body`` (also as the first positional argument),
+which is then used as the value of the ``<body />`` element of the message. 
+Setting the appropriate ``to`` JID is also handled by ``.reply()``.
+
+Another way to have sent the reply message would be to use :meth:`send_message <sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.send_message>`,
+which is a convenience method for generating and sending a message based on the values passed to it. If we were to use
+this method, the above code would look as so:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    def message(self, msg):
+        if msg['type'] in ('normal', 'chat'):
+            self.send_message(mto=msg['from'],
+                              mbody='Thanks for sending:\n%s' % msg['body'])
+
+Whichever method you choose to use, the results in action will look like this:
+
+.. code-block:: xml
+
+    <message to="echobot@example.com" from="someuser@example.net" type="chat">
+      <body>Hej!</body>
+    </message>
+
+    <message to="someuser@example.net" type="chat">
+      <body>Thanks for sending:
+      Hej!</body>
+    </message>
+
+.. note::
+    XMPP does not require stanzas sent by a client to include a ``from`` attribute, and
+    leaves that responsibility to the XMPP server. However, if a sent stanza does
+    include a ``from`` attribute, it must match the full JID of the client or some
+    servers will reject it. SleekXMPP thus leaves out the ``from`` attribute when replying
+    using a client connection.
+
+Command Line Arguments and Logging
+----------------------------------
+
+While this isn't part of SleekXMPP itself, we do want our echo bot program to be able
+to accept a JID and password from the command line instead of hard coding them. We will
+use the ``optparse`` module for this, though there are several alternative methods, including
+the newer ``argparse`` module.
+
+We want to accept three parameters: the JID for the echo bot, its password, and a flag for
+displaying the debugging logs. We also want these to be optional parameters, since passing
+a password directly through the command line can be a security risk. 
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+        optp = OptionParser()
+
+        optp.add_option('-d', '--debug', help='set logging to DEBUG',
+                        action='store_const', dest='loglevel',
+                        const=logging.DEBUG, default=logging.INFO)
+        optp.add_option("-j", "--jid", dest="jid",
+                        help="JID to use")
+        optp.add_option("-p", "--password", dest="password",
+                        help="password to use")
+
+        opts, args = optp.parse_args()
+
+        if opts.jid is None:
+            opts.jid = raw_input("Username: ")
+        if opts.password is None:
+            opts.password = getpass.getpass("Password: ")
+
+Since we included a flag for enabling debugging logs, we need to configure the
+``logging`` module to behave accordingly.
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+        # .. option parsing from above ..
+
+        logging.basicConfig(level=opts.loglevel,
+                            format='%(levelname)-8s %(message)s')
+
+
+Connecting to the Server and Processing
+---------------------------------------
+There are three steps remaining until our echo bot is complete:
+    1. We need to instantiate the bot.
+    2. The bot needs to connect to an XMPP server.
+    3. We have to instruct the bot to start running and processing messages.
+
+Creating the bot is straightforward, but we can also perform some configuration
+at this stage. For example, let's say we want our bot to support `service discovery
+<http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0030.html>`_ and `pings <http://xmpp.org/extensions/xep-0199.html>`_:
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+        # .. option parsing and logging steps from above
+
+        xmpp = EchoBot(opts.jid, opts.password)
+        xmpp.register_plugin('xep_0030') # Service Discovery
+        xmpp.register_plugin('xep_0199') # Ping
+
+If the ``EchoBot`` class had a hard dependency on a plugin, we could register that plugin in
+the ``EchoBot.__init__`` method instead.
+
+.. note::
+
+    If you are using the OpenFire server, you will need to include an additional 
+    configuration step. OpenFire supports a different version of SSL than what
+    most servers and SleekXMPP support.
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+    
+        import ssl
+        xmpp.ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3
+
+Now we're ready to connect and begin echoing messages. If you have the package
+``dnspython`` installed, then the :meth:`sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP` method
+will perform a DNS query to find the appropriate server to connect to for the
+given JID. If you do not have ``dnspython``, then SleekXMPP will attempt to 
+connect to the hostname used by the JID, unless an address tuple is supplied
+to :meth:`sleekxmpp.clientxmpp.ClientXMPP`. 
+
+.. code-block:: python
+
+    if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+        # .. option parsing & echo bot configuration
+
+        if xmpp.connect():
+            xmpp.process(block=True)
+        else:
+            print('Unable to connect')
+
+.. note::
+
+    For Google Talk users withouth ``dnspython`` installed, the above code
+    should look like:
+
+    .. code-block:: python
+
+        if __name__ == '__main__':
+
+            # .. option parsing & echo bot configuration
+
+            if xmpp.connect(('talk.google.com', 5222)):
+                xmpp.process(block=True)
+            else:
+                print('Unable to connect')
+
+To begin responding to messages, you'll see we called :meth:`sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.process`
+which will start the event handling, send queue, and XML reader threads. It will also call
+the :meth:`sleekxmpp.plugins.base.base_plugin.post_init` method on all registered plugins. By
+passing ``block=True`` to :meth:`sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.process` we are running the 
+main processing loop in the main thread of execution. The :meth:`sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.process`
+call will not return until after SleekXMPP disconnects. If you need to run the client in the background
+for another program, use ``block=False`` to spawn the processing loop in its own thread.
+
+.. note:: 
+
+    Before 1.0, controlling the blocking behaviour of :meth:`sleekxmpp.basexmpp.BaseXMPP.process` was
+    done via the ``threaded`` argument. This arrangement was a source of confusion because some users
+    interpreted that as controlling whether or not SleekXMPP used threads at all, instead of how
+    the processing loop itself was spawned.
+
+    The statements ``xmpp.process(threaded=False)`` and ``xmpp.process(block=True)`` are equivalent.
+
+
+.. _echobot_complete:
+
+The Final Product
+-----------------
+
+Here then is what the final result should look like after working through the guide above. The code
+can also be found in the SleekXMPP `examples directory <http://github.com/fritzy/SleekXMPP/tree/master/examples>`_.
+
+.. compound::
+
+    You can run the code using:
+
+    .. code-block:: sh
+
+        python echobot.py -d -j echobot@example.com
+
+    which will prompt for the password and then begin echoing messages. To test, open
+    your regular IM client and start a chat with the echo bot. Messages you send to it should
+    be mirrored back to you. Be careful if you are using the same JID for the echo bot that
+    you also have logged in with another IM client. Messages could be routed to your IM client instead
+    of the bot.
+
+.. include:: ../../examples/echo_client.py
+    :literal:
+
+
+..
+..    #!/usr/bin/env python
+..    # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+..    import sys
+..    import logging
+..    import time
+..    import getpass
+..    from optparse import OptionParser
+..
+..    import sleekxmpp
+..
+..
+..    class EchoBot(sleekxmpp.ClientXMPP):
+..
+..        """
+..        A simple SleekXMPP bot that will echo messages it
+..        receives, along with a short thank you message.
+..        """
+..
+..        def __init__(self, jid, password):
+..            sleekxmpp.ClientXMPP.__init__(self, jid, password)
+..
+..            # The session_start event will be triggered when
+..            # the bot establishes its connection with the server
+..            # and the XML streams are ready for use. We want to
+..            # listen for this event so that we we can intialize
+..            # our roster.
+..            self.add_event_handler("session_start", self.start)
+..
+..            # The message event is triggered whenever a message
+..            # stanza is received. Be aware that that includes
+..            # MUC messages and error messages.
+..            self.add_event_handler("message", self.message)
+..
+..        def start(self, event):
+..            """
+..            Process the session_start event.
+..
+..            Typical actions for the session_start event are
+..            requesting the roster and broadcasting an intial
+..            presence stanza.
+..
+..            Arguments:
+..                event -- An empty dictionary. The session_start
+..                         event does not provide any additional
+..                         data.
+..            """
+..            self.send_presence()
+..            self.get_roster()
+..
+..        def message(self, msg):
+..            """
+..            Process incoming message stanzas. Be aware that this also
+..            includes MUC messages and error messages. It is usually
+..            a good idea to check the messages's type before processing
+..            or sending replies.
+..
+..            Arguments:
+..                msg -- The received message stanza. See the documentation
+..                       for stanza objects and the Message stanza to see
+..                       how it may be used.
+..            """
+..            if msg['type'] in ('normal', 'chat'):
+..                msg.reply("Thanks for sending\n%(body)s" % msg).send()
+..
+..
+..    if __name__ == '__main__':
+..        # Setup the command line arguments.
+..        optp = OptionParser()
+..
+..        # Output verbosity options.
+..        optp.add_option('-q', '--quiet', help='set logging to ERROR',
+..                        action='store_const', dest='loglevel',
+..                        const=logging.ERROR, default=logging.INFO)
+..        optp.add_option('-d', '--debug', help='set logging to DEBUG',
+..                        action='store_const', dest='loglevel',
+..                        const=logging.DEBUG, default=logging.INFO)
+..        optp.add_option('-v', '--verbose', help='set logging to COMM',
+..                        action='store_const', dest='loglevel',
+..                        const=5, default=logging.INFO)
+..
+..        # JID and password options.
+..        optp.add_option("-j", "--jid", dest="jid",
+..                        help="JID to use")
+..        optp.add_option("-p", "--password", dest="password",
+..                        help="password to use")
+..
+..        opts, args = optp.parse_args()
+..
+..        # Setup logging.
+..        logging.basicConfig(level=opts.loglevel,
+..                            format='%(levelname)-8s %(message)s')
+..
+..        if opts.jid is None:
+..            opts.jid = raw_input("Username: ")
+..        if opts.password is None:
+..            opts.password = getpass.getpass("Password: ")
+..
+..        # Setup the EchoBot and register plugins. Note that while plugins may
+..        # have interdependencies, the order in which you register them does
+..        # not matter.
+..        xmpp = EchoBot(opts.jid, opts.password)
+..        xmpp.register_plugin('xep_0030') # Service Discovery
+..        xmpp.register_plugin('xep_0199') # XMPP Ping
+..
+..        # If you are working with an OpenFire server, you may need
+..        # to adjust the SSL version used:
+..        # xmpp.ssl_version = ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv3
+..
+..        # Connect to the XMPP server and start processing XMPP stanzas.
+..        if xmpp.connect():
+..            # If you do not have the pydns library installed, you will need
+..            # to manually specify the name of the server if it does not match
+..            # the one in the JID. For example, to use Google Talk you would
+..            # need to use:
+..            #
+..            # if xmpp.connect(('talk.google.com', 5222)):
+..            #     ...
+..            xmpp.process(threaded=False)
+..            print("Done")
+..        else:
+..            print("Unable to connect.")